Telegram, Zhou Enlai to Wei Guoqing, and report to the CCP Central Committee (excerpt). [8] Following their victory at Dien Bien Phu and given the worsening French security position around the Red River Delta, a ceasefire and partition would not appear to have been in the interests of the DRV. intervention. The Chinese likely also sought to ensure that Laos and Cambodia were not under Vietnam's influence in the future but under China's. [4]: 575  Mendès France retained the Foreign Ministry for himself, and Bidault left the Conference. Georges Bidault, leading the French delegation, vacillated and was keen to preserve something of France's position in Indochina to justify past sacrifices, even as the nation's military situation deteriorated. The parties also agreed to a secret list of seven minimum outcomes that both parties would "respect": the preservation of a noncommunist South Vietnam (plus an enclave in the Red River Delta if possible), future reunification of divided Vietnam, and the integrity of Cambodia and Laos, including the removal of all Viet Minh forces. While the Korean question went unanswered, the Conference passed the Geneva Accords, which divided French Indochina into Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions, however. This ended with a war between French troops and the Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh. All parties involved agreed to this (Ho Chi Minh had strong support in the north, which was more populous than the south, and was thus confident that he would win an election), except for the U.S., which, in the spirit of the Cold War, feared seeing communism spreading in a domino effect throughout Asia. The Chinese likely also sought to ensure that Laos and Cambodia were not under Vietnam's influence in the future but under China's. [4]:562–3, Behind the scenes, the US and the French governments continued to discuss the terms for possible US military intervention in Indochina. The failure of reunification led to the creation of the National Liberation Front (better known as the Viet Cong) by Ho Chi Minh's government. The Geneva Conference on Korea April 26—June 15, 1954 (Documents 1-245) The Geneva Conference on Indochina May 8-July 21, 1954 (Documents 246-1056) III. A fundamental alteration of the balance of forces had thus yet to occur, Giap continued, despite Dien Bien Phu. Download. [4]:602 Walter Bedell Smith from the US arrived in Geneva on July 16, but the US delegation was under instructions to avoid direct association with the negotiations. They accordingly reminded their colleagues that France would retain control of a large part of the country and that people living in the area might be confused, alienated, and vulnerable to enemy manipulations. Last plenary session on Indochina in the Palais des Nations. A. Telegram, Zhou Enlai to Ho Chi Minh (excerpt). Questions? Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference: Address by the Secretary of State", "Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement", "The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954", The Final Declaration of The Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954, "The Geneva Conference of 1954 – New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars - Cold War International History Project - The 1954 Geneva Conference July 13, 2011, Bibliography: Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference, Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820), Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Geneva_Conference&oldid=1042720252, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, a "provisional military demarcation line" running approximately along the 17th Parallel, French Union forces to regroup to the south of the line and Viet Minh to the north, free movement of the population between the zone for three hundred days, neither zone to join any military alliance or seek military reinforcement, free general elections by secret ballot shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of the. Cable from Zhang Wentian to Li Kenong, 'Concerning the Soviet Suggestion on Propaganda Work at Geneva'. The Conference produced the 1954 Geneva Accords, consisting of a Final Declaration of the Conference, several continued next-page 27 Ho Chi Minh and General Secretary Trường Chinh took turns emphasising the need for an early political settlement to prevent a military intervention by the United States, now the "main and direct enemy" of Vietnam. A 1954 peace conference at the end of the First Indochina War, prompted by the stunning French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. [citation needed], The US replaced the French as a political backup for Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, who asserted his power in the South. Anthony Eden, leading the British delegation, favored a negotiated settlement to the conflict. The South Korean representative proposed all-Korea elections, to be held according to South Korean constitutional procedures and still under UN-supervision. US domestic policy considerations strongly influenced the country's position at Geneva. Several days later the Communist Party of Vietnam's Sixth Central Committee plenum took place. [15], By the afternoon of July 20, the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and that the elections for reunification should be in July 1956, two years after the ceasefire. North Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to withdraw all Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam, stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees, and conducting a military buildup that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army while the South Vietnamese army was reduced by 20,000 men. The Final Declaration of The Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954 Final declaration, dated July 21, 1954, of the Geneva Conference on the problem of restoring peace in Indochina, in which the representatives of Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam, France, Laos, the People's Republic of China, the State of Viet-Nam, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . The partition of French Indochina that resulted from the Conference. Diplomats from South Korea, North Korea, the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States of America (US) dealt with the Korean side of the Conference. As decolonization took place in Asia, France had to relinquish its power over Indochina (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Zhou Enlai reports on Eden's proposals at the tenth session on Korea. While the delegates began to assemble in Geneva from late April, the discussions on Indochina did not begin until May 8, 1954. The Soviets agree with the CCP position on Indochina, and will give their opinion of China’s draft constitution in four months. "We have to make it clear to our people," Ho said that "in the interest of the whole country, for the sake of long-term interest, they must accept this, because it is a glorious thing and the whole country is grateful for that. Dien Bien Phu had represented a colossal defeat for France ... she was far from defeated. Most of the first day was spent to discuss the military situation and balance of forces in Vietnam, Giáp explained that while. [4]:579 Prior to the collapse of the Laniel government, France recognized Vietnam as "a fully independent and sovereign state" on June 4. On July 20 and 21, 1954, this conference produced a number of agreements that were supposed to settle the war. Unwilling to support the proposed partition or intervention, by mid-June, the U.S. decided to withdraw from major participation in the Conference. - The Viet Minh's troops vanquished from the scene but stayed undercover. Some of the more important ones are discussed here. He discusses the difficulties which would be involved in achieving Korean unification. On June 16, twelve days after France granted full independence to the State of Vietnam,[12] Bao Dai appointed Ngo Dinh Diem as Prime Minister to replace Bửu Lộc. [23], The DRV at Geneva accepted a much worse settlement than the military situation on the ground indicated. Separate accords were signed by the signatories with the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Kingdom of Laos in relation to Cambodia and Laos respectively. Many communist sympathisers viewed the South Vietnamese as a French colonial remnant and later an American puppet regime. Title: Negotiations and Vietnam: A Case Study of the 1954 Geneva Conference Author: Melvin Gurtov Subject: This Memorandum deals mainly with U.S. policy toward the Geneva Conference on Indochina that convened its first plenary session on May 8, 1954. "If the U.S. does not interfere,' Zhou asked, "and assuming France will dispatch more troops, how long will it take for us to seize the whole of Indochina?" "[4]: 597  Ho pressed hard for the partition line to be at the 16th parallel while Zhou noted that Route 9, the only land route from Laos to the South China Sea ran closer to the 17th parallel. However, Ho and Truong Chinh plainly worried that following such an agreement at Geneva, there would be internal discontent and "leftist deviation," and in particular, analysts would fail to see the complexity of the situation and underestimate the power of the American and French adversaries. Its leaders had previously accused the Democratic Truman administration of having "lost China" when the communists were successful in dominating the country. Zhang Wentian discusses his visit with Molotov. During the fourth session, representatives from Russia and France spoke on their positions on the armistice in Indochina. See also the First Indochinese War and the Vietnam War. The State of Vietnam rejected the agreement,[23] while the United States stated that it "took note" of the ceasefire agreements and declared that it would "refrain from the threat or use of force to disturb them. North Vietnamese, especially Catholics, intellectuals, business people, land owners, anti-communist democrats, and members of the middle-class moved south of the Accords-mandated ceasefire line during Operation Passage to Freedom. 12.. July - The Geneva Conference is held after the French suffer a great loss in the Battle of Dienbienphu. [4]:602, All parties at the Conference called for reunification elections but could not agree on the details. [29], 1954 international conference on the dismantling of French Indochina. During this meeting, Laos' opposing forces and other countries interested in the conflict reached an agreement to end the war and withdraw all foreign troops from the country. Found insideA survey of the Vietnamese communist experience during the Vietnam War (1954-75) with a focus on high-level decision-making and military planning. The latter's army, the Viet Minh, fought a guerrilla war, while the French employed traditional Western technology. For fifty days in 1954, many of the Cold War's preeminent figures met in Geneva to deal with "the Korean question," how to reunite and bring peace to a Korean Peninsula that had been divided since 1945 and which had just endured three years of devastating warfare. [3] The agreement temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Viet Minh and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, then headed by former emperor Bảo Đại. Participants are divided on the issue of a ceasefire. She retained a superiority in numbers - some 470,000 troops, roughly half of them Vietnamese, versus 310,000 on the Viet Minh side as well as control of Vietnam's major cities (Hanoi, Saigon, Huế, Tourane(Da Nang)). [1][2] The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals, so is generally considered less relevant. "[B]efore, our motto was, 'war of resistance until victory.' "[17] Of the nine delegates present, only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration. [4]:599 The State of Vietnam continued to protest against partition which had become inevitable, with the only issue being where the line should be drawn. By the afternoon of July 20, the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and that the elections for reunification should be in July 1956, two years after the ceasefire. "[B]efore, our motto was, 'war of resistance until victory.' Three to five years. Zhou and Eden agree that a military armistice should be decided on, although they disagree on specific issues surrounding an armistice. Laos and Cambodia would have to be treated differently and be allowed to pursue their own paths if they did not join a military alliance or permit foreign bases on their territory. The Conference takes note of the Agreements ending hostilities in Cambodia, Laos, and Viet-Nam and organizing international control and the supervision of the execution of the provisions of these agreements. An international conference was held at Geneva from April 26 to July 21, 1954, to bring an end to the hostilities in Indochina. [4]:581–3, On June 18, following a vote of no-confidence, the French Laniel government fell and was replaced by a coalition with Radical Pierre Mendès France as Prime Minister, by a vote of 419 to 47, with 143 abstentions. The State of Vietnam was shrunk to only cover the southern part of Vietnam. Anthony Eden, leading the British delegation, favored a negotiated settlement to the conflict. Historian John Lewis Gaddis said that the 1954 accords "were so hastily drafted and ambiguously worded that, from the standpoint of international law, it makes little sense to speak of violations from either side."[29]. The following day he met with his main advisers on Indochina. The 1954 Geneva Conference Indochina And Korea Combining Documents Relating To The . [4]: 559  The U.S. had been supporting the French in Indochina for many years and the Republican Eisenhower administration wanted to ensure that it could not be accused of another "Yalta" or having "lost" Indochina to the Communists. Vasily Kuznetsov tells Zhang Wentian to work more on creating propaganda and diplomatic activities to expand the influence of New China. [citation needed], The U.S. replaced the French as a political backup for Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, who asserted his power in the South. On July 21 st, 1954, the results of the Geneva Conference on Indochina were announced. The Geneva Conference from April to July 1954 ended the war between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), which to a great extent was a proxy war between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States. Telegram, Zhou Enlai to Mao Zedong and Others, Regarding the Second Plenary Session (Excerpt). [7] In the end, however, the conference participants did not agree on any declaration. An analysis is made of (1) U.S. policy and diplomacy during the 1954 Geneva Conference on Indochina, (2) the objectives of the participants in the conference, (3) the tactics used during the negotiations, and (4) the implications of those ... It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel until 1956, when democratic elections would be held under international supervision. 1954 Geneva Conference occupied a critical position in the evolution of the global Cold War. This resulted in French withdrawals, and the Geneva conference. The powers involved attempted to negotiate a settlement to end the conflict in Indochina and re-unify Vietnam. In this telegram Zhou Enlai informs Wei Guoqing and the CCP Central Committee that the Western countries have raised the question of sick and wounded soldiers at Dien Bien Phu and are criticizing the Soviet Union. A demarcation line allowing the temporary regroupment of both sides would be necessary ..." The plenum endorsed Ho's analysis, passing a resolution supporting a compromise settlement to end the fighting. Note on Sources and Presentation of Material for the Geneva Conference on Indochina; B. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The July 21st 1954 final declaration of the Geneva Conference on the problem of restoring peace in Indochina, in which the representatives of Cambodia, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, France, Laos, the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States of America took part: "1. The DRV argued that the elections should be held within six months of the ceasefire, and the Western allies sought to have no deadline. The Geneva Accords stated that Vietnam was to become an independent nation. Found insideBased on extensive research in the Russian archives, this book examines the Soviet approach to the Vietnam conflict between the 1954 Geneva conference on Indochina and late 1963, when the overthrow of the South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh ... [4]:579 The new French government abandoned earlier assurances to the State of Vietnam that France would not pursue or accept partition, and it engaged in secret negotiations with the Viet Minh delegation, bypassing the State of Vietnam to meet Mendès France's self-imposed deadline. Enlai wants to counter the enemy plots with propaganda, but in the meantime thinks it would be better if some captured senior officers issued statements concerning the "humanist measures" being taken by their captors - but not by force. Zhou outlined the Chinese position that an immediate ceasefire was required, the three nations should be treated separately, and that two governments existed in Vietnam would be recognized. Telegram, Zhou Enlai to Mao Zedong and Others, Regarding the Situation at the Tenth Plenary Session. U.S. domestic policy considerations strongly influenced the country's position at Geneva. [4]: 602  Walter Bedell Smith from the U.S. arrived in Geneva on July 16, but the U.S. delegation was under instructions to avoid direct association with the negotiations. Historian John Lewis Gaddis said that the 1954 accords "were so hastily drafted and ambiguously worded that, from the standpoint of international law, it makes little sense to speak of violations from either side". From the Journal of Molotov: Secret Memorandum of Conversation between Molotov and PRC Ambassador Zhang Wentian. Allen. On February 18, 1954, at the Berlin Conference, participants agreed that "the problem of restoring peace in Indochina will also be discussed at the Conference [on the Korean question] to which representatives of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Chinese People's Republic and other interested states will be invited. Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. Start studying Geneva peace conference 1954. Found insideMass Mobilization in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1960 explores the way the exigencies of war, the dreams of Marxist-Leninist ideology, and the pressures of the Cold War environment combined with pride and patriotism to drive ... [25] The CIA attempted to further influence Catholic Vietnamese with slogans such as "the Virgin Mary is moving South". [4]:563–6 By May 29, the US and the French had reached agreement that if the Conference failed to deliver an acceptable peace deal, Eisenhower would seek Congressional approval for military intervention in Indochina. "[4][4]:436, The conference was held at the Palace of Nations in Geneva, commencing on April 26, 1954. Most of the first day was spent to discuss the military situation and balance of forces in Vietnam, Giáp explained that while. For the communist forces, which were instrumental in the defeat of the French, the ideology of communism and nationalism were linked. It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel until 1956, when democratic elections would be held under international supervision. [4]:604 The "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam" was signed only by French and Viet Minh military commands, completely bypassing the State of Vietnam. This is the first truly global interpretation of the French defeat in 1954, based on the author’s research in five western countries and the latest scholarship from historians of Vietnam, China, and Russia. Geneva Accords, collection of documents relating to Indochina and issuing from the Geneva Conference of April 26-July 21, 1954, attended by representatives of Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, France, Laos, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, the Viet Minh (i.e., the North Vietnamese), and the State of Vietnam (i.e., the South Vietnamese). [14] The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification. Dulles Leaves Geneva (1954) Dulles speaks into microphone with wife by his side. A CWIHP Document Reader compiled for the international conference "New Evidence on the 1954 Geneva Conference on Indochina," Washington D.C., 17-18 February 2006. Civil/ordinal people (non. [4]:581 The apparent softening of the Communist position appeared to arise from a meeting among the DRV, Chinese and Soviet delegations on June 15 in which Zhou warned the Viet Minh that its military presence in Laos and Cambodia threatened to undermine negotiations in relation to Vietnam. At Geneva, the State of Vietnam's proposal included "a ceasefire without a demarcation line" and "control by the United Nations... of the administration of the entire country [and] of the general elections, when the United Nations believes that order and security will have been everywhere truly restored. 179-241. [2] The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals, so is generally considered less relevant. She retained a superiority in numbers - some 470,000 troops, roughly half of them Vietnamese, versus 310,000 on the Viet Minh side as well as control of Vietnam's major cities (Hanoi, Saigon, Huế, Tourane (Da Nang)). Despite helping create the agreements, they were not directly signed onto nor accepted by delegates of both the State of Vietnam and the United States. [8] In addition, there was a widespread perception that the Diem government would collapse, leaving the Viet Minh free to take control of the area. [4]:561 Turner has argued that the Viet Minh might have prolonged the negotiations and continued fighting to achieve a more favorable position militarily, if not for Chinese and Soviet pressure on them to end the fighting. Ho Chi Minh and his close circle of associates - namely, Le Duan, Truong Chinh, Pham Van Dong, Le Duc Tho and Vo Nguyen Giap—fresh off a grueling, hard-fought, victory to end foreign colonial rule- understandably felt strongly that they should have been awarded control of all of Vietnam. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, "Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference: Address by the Secretary of State", http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/inch022.asp, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18033.htm, "Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement", http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html, "The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954", http://vietnam.vassar.edu/overview/doc2.html, https://books.google.com/books?id=7s_mAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA261, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RR0xDwAAQBAJ, The Final Declaration of The Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954, "The Geneva Conference of 1954 – New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China", https://web.archive.org/web/20090327170814/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/CWIHPBulletin16_p1.pdf, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars - Cold War International History Project - The 1954 Geneva Conference July 13, 2011, Bibliography: Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference. , 'Reply to Zhou Enlai at the French but was a Conference among several Nations that took.. 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