[87] The widening gap between the dictator and Sima's party resonated in Berlin. [569] The Heroes' Cult organization received expropriation rights to Bucharest's Jewish cemetery in 1942, and proposed to replace it with a major monument of this category, but that plan was eventually abandoned. 167, 326; Trașcă, pp. [81] By then, the Legionary press was routinely claiming that he was obstructing revolution and aiming to take control of the Iron Guard, and that he had been transformed into a tool of Freemasonry (see Anti-Masonry). [557] Although criticized for denying the uniqueness of the Holocaust and downplaying Antonescu's complicity, Dinu C. Giurescu was recognized as the first post-communist Romanian historian to openly acknowledge his country's participation,[558] while his colleagues Șerban Papacostea and Andrei Pippidi were noted as early critics of attempts to exculpate Antonescu. At an early stage, German attempts to impose the RSHA's direct control over Old Kingdom Jews drew some objections from Mihai Antonescu, but the two sides agreed to a common policy with reference to Soviet Jews. If HF is not rapidly neutralized and the fluoride ion bound . [361] While the local command took the initiative for the first executions, Antonescu's personal intervention amplified the number of victims required, and included specific quotas (200 civilians for every dead officer, 100 for every dead soldier). [313] Varied estimates of the Iași massacre and related killings place the total number of Jews killed at 8,000,[314] 10,000,[315] 12,000 or 14,000. [16] After a period as Deputy Chief of the General Staff,[13] he was appointed its Chief (1933–1934). [463] Speaking shortly before the invasion of the Soviet Union, and adopting the "Jewish Bolshevism" position, Antonescu ordered authorities to compile lists comprising "the names of all Jewish and communist agents", who were to be kept under close surveillance. [92][335] In conjunction with Antonescu's expansionist ambitions, it is possible that the ultimate destination for the survivors, once circumstances permitted it, was further east than the Southern Bug. Many deaths followed, as the direct results of starvation and exhaustion,[92][329] while the local German troops carried out selective shootings. [411] When confronted with German decisions to push back Jews he had expelled before the occupation of Transnistria, Antonescu protested, arguing that he had conformed with Hitler's decisions regarding "eastern Jews". [130], Prime minister and Conducător of Romania during World War II, Diplomatic assignments and General Staff positions, Defense portfolio and the Codreanu trials, Legionary Rebellion and Operation Barbarossa, Power base, administration and propaganda, Antonescu and the Final Solution projects, Cultural legacy, portrayals and landmarks, Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. The L.A. County Coroner says a number of Tom's . "A Deadlock Of Memory The Myth And Cult Of Ion Antonescu In Post-Communist Romania. "[268] Another distinct view is held by Romanian-born historian of ideas Juliana Geran Pilon, who describes Romania's "military fascist regime" as a successor to Iron Guardist "mystical nationalism", while mentioning that Antonescu's "national ideology was rather more traditionally militaristic and conservative. A body experiences a variety of changes as it prepares for death. "[403] By 1943, Antonescu was gradually allowing those deported to return home. "[148], Although he assigned an unimportant role to King Michael, Antonescu took steps to increase the monarchy's prestige, personally inviting Carol's estranged wife, Queen Mother Helen, to return home. Shall we wait for a decision in Berlin? The system in place was nevertheless characterized by singular inconsistencies, prioritizing plunder over killing, showing leniency toward most Jews in the Old Kingdom, and ultimately refusing to adopt the Final Solution as applied throughout Nazi-occupied Europe. 'Forrest Gump' is a classic Hollywood movie starring Tom Hanks. [199] The first such local trial took place in 1945, resulting in the sentencing of Iosif Iacobici, Nicolae Macici, Constantin Trestioreanu and other military commanders directly involved in planning or carrying out the Odessa massacre. He contributed to the tactics used during the Battle of Mărășești (July–August 1917), when Romanians under General Eremia Grigorescu managed to stop the advance of German forces under the command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen. [477] Prominent left-wing writers Tudor Arghezi, Victor Eftimiu and Zaharia Stancu were political prisoners during the Antonescu years. Upon crossing the River Tisza, King Ferdinand took the Order of Michael the Brave from his own uniform and presented it to Antonescu, saying "Antonescu, no one in this country knows better than the King how much they owe you. [147][185], The new Romanian authorities declared peace with the Allies and advised the population to greet Soviet troops. Roman moldovean, instrainat de Patria-Mama. 269, 270; Kenney, p. 93, Bucur (2004), p. 178; Ioanid, p. 245. [5][95] A decisive turn occurred when Hitler invited Antonescu and Sima both over for discussions: whereas Antonescu agreed, Sima stayed behind in Romania, probably plotting a coup d'état. [441] In parallel, his relationship with Queen Mother Helen and Michael rapidly deteriorated after he began advising the royal family on how to conduct its affairs. "[276] He describes Romania's contribution to the war as that of "a principal ally of Germany", as opposed to a "minor Axis satellite. [323] From then on, as the fighting troops progressed over the Dniester, the local administration deported large numbers of Jews into the fighting zone, in hopes that they would be exterminated by the Germans. [522] This tendency, Lucian Boia argues, was similar to a parallel trend favoring Wallachia's 15th century Prince Vlad III the Impaler, indicating a preference for "authoritarian solutions" and reflecting "a pantheon that was largely set in place in the 'Ceaușescu era' ". [92][331] Romanian authorities subsequently introduced ghettos or transit camps. Cell swelling, a fundamental and common expression of cell injury (Fig. 428–425; Ioanid, pp. In some severe cases, LQTS can cause sudden death. [120] In Antonescu's mind, the Romanians as a Latin people had attained a level of civilization that the Slavs were nowhere close to, but theoretically the Slavic Russians and Ukrainians might be able to reach under Romanian auspices, through Antonescu's remarks to Hitler that "We must fight this race (i.e. [18] The officer's political credentials were on the rise, as he was able to establish and maintain contacts with people on all sides of the political spectrum, while support for Carol plummeted. "[367] As a result of this, around 35,000–40,000 Jewish people were deported out of Odessa area and into other sectors of Transnistria. Hitler only knew German while the only foreign language Antonescu knew was French, in which he was completely fluent. Found insideThis caused so much anger in the country that he was forced to abdicate in favour of his 18-year-old son Michael, while General Ion Antonescu became de facto ruler of Romania. He steered the country into an alliance with Hitler, ... Found inside – Page 16Antonescu , Ion Aquino , Cory acquired an international reputation . In sent an army of thirty divisions into the 1888 she organized a Council of Women Ukraine . The Romanians cut off the seawhich was to further the feminist cause port ... If untreated, the irregular heartbeats can cause fainting (syncope), seizures, difficulty breathing . The Years of Extermination, the completion of Saul Friedländer's major historical opus on Nazi Germany and the Jews, explores the convergence of the various aspects of this most systematic and sustained of modern genocides. Worldwide, they said, COVID-19 deaths are nearing 7 million, twice the official total. [481] Another such document of April 1944 called for an immediate peace with the Soviet Union. [92][310] The discourse appealed to local antisemites, whose murderous rampage, carried out with the officials' complicity, resulted in several thousand deaths among Jewish men, women and children. On that date, the Iron Guard was remodelled into the only legally permitted party in Romania. Deletant, pp. [13] He married Maria Niculescu, for long a resident of France, who had been married twice before: first to a Romanian Police officer, with whom she had a son, Gheorghe (died 1944), and then to a Frenchman of Jewish origin. [439] However, some early communiqués he addressed to Brătianu also feature offers of resignation, which their recipient reluctantly rejected. According to Achim (pp. [280] While maintaining a decorative replacement for Parliament—known as Adunarea Obștească Plebiscitară a Națiunii Române ("The General Plebiscitary Assembly of the Romanian Nation") and convoked only twice—[281] he took charge of hierarchical appointments, and personally drafted new administrative projects. Ion Antonescu (/ˌæntəˈnɛskuː/; Romanian: [i'on antoˈnesku] (listen); 14 June [O.S. [114], It is also possible that, contrary to Antonescu's own will, Hitler viewed the transfer of Transnistria as compensation for the Transylvanian areas, and that he therefore considered the matter closed. [458] In parallel, some regular Romanians such as nurse Viorica Agarici intervened to save Jewish lives,[459] while, from inside the Jewish community, Chief Rabbi Alexandru Șafran and activist Mișu Benvenisti rallied with Wilhelm Filderman in public protests against Antonescu's decisions, being occasionally joined by A. L. 463–479 from. [504] In accordance with Stalinist principles, censorship produced historical revisionism that excluded focus on such negative aspects of Romanian behavior during the war as antisemitism and the Holocaust,[505] and obscured Romania's participation on the Eastern Front. He died in Portugal in 1953. [128] Antonescu believed that the liberal humanist-democratic-capitalist values of the West and Communism were both invented by the Jews to destroy Romania. Cioroianu, pp. Hitler even mustered the patience to listen to Antonescu's lengthy disquisitions on the glorious history of Romania and the perfidy of the Hungarians—a curious reversal for a man who was more accustomed to regaling visitors with tirades of his own. 52–55; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Kelso, p. 96; Roper, p. 8, Deletant, pp. [289] He personally set standards for nightclub programs, for the length of skirts and for women's use of bicycles,[5] while forcing all men to wear coats in public. 75, 231–240, 341–344; Roper, pp. However, Michael's decisive arrest of the Romanian dictator Marshal Ion Antonescu, an ally of Hitler's, on 23 August 1944, and his subsequent ability to carry the Romanian army with him . The Romanian Army's inferior arms, insufficient armour and lack of training had been major concerns for the German commanders since before the start of the operation. [136] Antonescu ended his letter with the claim that Russian Jewish commissars had savagely tortured Romanian POWs and that the entire Jewish community of Romania, Filderman included were morally responsible for all of the losses and sufferings of the Romanians around Odessa. [136] On 16 October 1941 Odessa fell to the German-Romanian forces. [92][345] They were joined there by 2,000 conscientious objectors of the Inochentist church, a millennialist denomination. Found insideThis volume gathers authors who wrote important works in the fields of the history of ideologies, the comparative study of dictatorships, and intellectual history. [5] Antonescu also developed a reputation for questioning his commanders and for appealing over their heads whenever he felt they were wrong. [484] Several thousand adherents of the Pentecostal Union and the Baptist Union were reportedly jailed in compliance with his orders. "[247], Ion Antonescu's antiziganism manifested itself as the claim that some or all Romani people, specifically nomadic ones, were given to criminal behavior. [417] According to such plans, only some 17,000 Jews, labeled useful to Romania's economy, were to be exempt. [34] Ion Antonescu himself had come to value a pro-Axis alternative after the 1938 Munich Agreement, when Germany imposed demands on Czechoslovakia with the acquiescence of France and the United Kingdom, leaving locals to fear that, unless reoriented, Romania would follow. Actorii zilei din 23 august 1944, eroii care nu au încăput în manualele de istorie ale comuniștilor - Ion Antonescu, Regele Mihai, Iuliu Maniu și Dinu Brătianu, Aurel Aldea, Niculescu-Buzeşti, Emilian Ionescu, Sănătescu. 96–97, 99; Gella, p. 171; Penkower, p. 161, Chant, p. 75; Deletant, p. 27; Gella, p. 171, Steven J. Zaloga, Tanks of Hitler’s Eastern Allies 1941–45, p. 31, Deletant, pp. Talking of politically motivated executions, General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, a military head of state of Ghana, was deposed and later executed by firing squad. 64–65, 299; Ornea, p. 343, Deletant, pp. [242] In a summer 1941 address to his ministers, Antonescu stated: "The Satan is the Jew. After entering Romania into an alliance with Nazi Germany and ensuring Adolf Hitler's confidence, he eliminated the Guard during the Legionary Rebellion of 1941. [3] The Israeli historian Jean Ancel wrote that Antonescu's frequent changes of mood were due to the syphilis he contracted as a young man, a condition he suffered from for the rest of his life. [353] Once caught, escapees who made their way back into Romania were returned by the central authorities, even as local authorities were objecting. [44] Pop's reasons for advising Carol to appoint Antonescu as Prime Minister were partly because Antonescu, who was known to be friendly with the Iron Guard and who had been imprisoned under Carol, was believed to have enough of an oppositional background to Carol's regime to appease the public and partly because Pop knew that Antonescu, for all his Legionary sympathies, was a member of the elite and believed he would never turn against it. SIDS is a major cause of death in babies younger than 1 year. A tribunal found him guilty of war crimes. According to historians Antony Polonsky and Joanna B. Michlic: "none of these massacres was carried out by the Germans, although [the latter] certainly encouraged such actions and, in some cases, may have coordinated them. Dean Fardell/Barcroft Images/Getty Images. [14] Bibesco saw Antonescu as a new version of 19th century nationalist Frenchman Georges Boulanger, introducing him as such to Le Bon. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW [5][71] Two days later, the country also adhered to the Nazi-led Anti-Comintern Pact. In these conditions, the Romanian government made its own peace treaty with the Central Powers. Tom Petty's cause of death has been revealed as an accidental overdose of prescribed medications. The trial of Marshal Ion Antonescu and his close collaborators (May 6-17 1946) 26 2.4. 149–152, 154–157, 161–163, Deletant, pp. [35] Angered by the territorial losses of 1940, General Antonescu sent Carol a general note of protest, and, as a result, was arrested and interned at Bistrița Monastery. The Ion Antonescu regime (September 6, 1940- August 23, 1944) 22 2.3. Found insideThis book is the first complete study in English of Antonescu's part in the Second World War. [483], A special aspect of political repression and cultural hegemony was Antonescu's persecution of Evangelical or Restorationist Christian denominations, first outlawed under the National Legionary regime. 11/4/2019 12:32 PM PT. [559] The matter of crimes in Transnistria and elsewhere was first included within the Romanian curriculum with a 1999 state-approved alternative textbook edited by Sorin Mitu. [83], Disorder peaked in the last days of November 1940, when, after uncovering the circumstances of Codreanu's death, the fascist movement ordered retaliations against political figures previously associated with Carol, carrying out the Jilava Massacre, the assassinations of Nicolae Iorga and Virgil Madgearu, and several other acts of violence. [217] Another aspect of Antonescu's nationalist policies was evidenced after the Balkans Campaign. Romania's armies alone lost some 150,000 men (either dead, wounded or captured)[147] and more than half of the country's divisions were wiped out. "[243] At around the same time, he envisaged the ethnic cleansing ("cleaning out") of Jews from the eastern Romanian-held territories. [147][214] His final written statement was a letter to his wife, urging her to withdraw into a convent, while stating the belief that posterity would reconsider his deeds and accusing Romanians of being "ungrateful". [251] Initially, he contemplated sending all Romani people he considered undesirable to the inhospitable Bărăgan Plain, to join the ranks of a local community of manual labourers. [128] As such, Antonescu stated what was needed was a "new man" who would be "tough", "virile" and willing to fight for an ethnically and religiously "pure" Romania. 74–75; Veiga, pp. [200], Antonescu was represented by Constantin Paraschivescu-Bălăceanu and Titus Stoica, two public defenders whom he had first consulted with a day before the procedures were initiated. [5], Lieutenant Colonel Ion Antonescu retained his visibility in the public eye during the interwar period. [141] Antonescu's popularity again rose in October, when the fall of Odessa was celebrated triumphantly with a parade through Bucharest's Arcul de Triumf, and when many Romanians reportedly believed the war was as good as won. [72] Other than these generic commitments, Romania had no treaty binding it to Germany, and the Romanian-German alliance functioned informally. 234–235, 342, Deletant, pp. "[148] American historian of Romania William O. Oldson views Antonescu's policies as characterized by "violence, inconsistency and inanity",[384] but places them in the wider context of local antisemitism, noting some ideological exceptions from their respective European counterparts. There is a running struggle in both Hungary and Romania over whether to rehabilitate Wass or posthumously rescind his death sentences. [4] After graduation, in 1904, Antonescu joined the Romanian Army with the rank of Second Lieutenant. [42] Antonescu subsequently met with Maniu in Ploiești, where they discussed how best to manage the political situation. Deletant, pp. [234], A recurring element in Antonescu's doctrines is racism, and in particular antisemitism. 92–93; Morgan, p. 85; Ornea, pp. 3–4, 241–246, 265–266, 343–346; Gella, p. 172; Guran & Ștefan, p. 112; Ioanid, pp. The leader himself claimed: "I want to introduce a patriotic, heroic, military-typed education, because economic education and all the others follow from it. Heart. [134] In September 1941, Antonescu ordered Romanian forces to take Odessa, a prize he badly wanted for reasons of prestige. Veiga mentions in particular, Deletant, p. 49; Ornea, pp. WASHINGTON - The District of Columbia medical examiner on Wednesday released the cause of death for four of the five people who died at the Jan. 6 riot at the U.S. Capitol, but results are still . This is precisely the fate that befell Nazi-allied Hungary … but in Romania’s case, Germany never had the moment to implement the plan. [521], Romanians' image of Antonescu shifted several times after the 1989 Revolution toppled communism. [...] Antonescu had, of course, his own country's interests uppermost in his mind, but in following Hitler, he served the Nazi cause. Janis Joplin's death was ruled a heroin overdose, at least, according to the coroner . [560], In 2003, after a period in which his own equivocal stance on the matter had drawn controversy,[561] Constantinescu's successor Ion Iliescu established the Wiesel Commission, an international group of expert historians whose mission was the study of the Holocaust in Romania, later succeeded by the Elie Wiesel National Institute. [144] Antonescu's planned that once the war against the Soviet Union was won to invade Hungary to take back Transylvania and Bulgaria to take back the Dobruja with Antonescu being especially keen on the former. Initially given the Communications portfolio by his rival, Interior Minister Armand Călinescu, Antonescu repeatedly demanded the office of Defense Minister, which he was eventually granted. [377] Other overall estimates speak of 200,000[378] to over 300,000[379] Jews purposefully killed as a result of Romania's action. His father, a teacher and himself a Romanian nationalist … [145] The situation was further aggravated in 1942, as USAAF and RAF were able to bomb the oil fields in Prahova County (see Bombing of Romania in World War II, Operation Tidal Wave). 281–283, 290, 296, 305, 327; White, p. 158. [10], That autumn, Romania's main ally, the Russian Provisional Government, left the conflict. [159] On the German side, those directly involved in harnessing Romania's economic output for German goals were economic planners Hermann Göring and Walther Funk, together with Hermann Neubacher, the Special Representative for Economic Problems. Pentecostal Union and the Romanian-German alliance functioned informally [ 503 ] the city subsequently became the administrative capital Transnistria... Early, treatment with IV fluids containing electrolytes can lead to ) and Deletant ( pp 393. 99€“100 ) believes the report 's claims on Antonescu 's security forces and had to Romania! 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