In the first staining experiment on mouse specimens, I2KI, and PTA provided the highest contrast of soft tissue in ossified inner ears. The internal dimensions of the cochlear scalae with special reference to cochlear electrode insertion trauma. (2017). A putative blood vessel parallels the endolymphatic duct (red); membranous labyrinth red, perilymph (green). Methods Cell Biol. J. Comp. to detect variations and/or anomalies of gross anatomy and atrophy of the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear canal. Direct perfusion of inner ear fluid spaces with fixative was not possible here, so we had to rely on sufficient penetration through the Eustachian tube, the inner ear canal, and pores of the fundus region that contain small holes in the modiolar trunk for guidance of the central cochlear axon bundles. (A) Midmodiolar view at the level of the round window (asterisk) of an ossified OsO4-post-fixed human temporal bone presenting the bony structure and low contrast of main nerve trunks of the cochlear (cn) and vestibular nerve (vn) in the inner ear canal. This bony shell is filled with perilymphatic fluid that suspends a membranous labyrinth within it. It is lodged within the bony labyrinth in the inner ear and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph. doi: 10.1369/0022155412473757, Spoendlin, H., and Schrott, A. Find your way with X-Ray: using microCT to correlate in vivo imaging with 3D electron microscopy. J. Microsc. 199, 40–56. Within the bony labyrinth is a membranous labyrinth, which is also divided into three parts: the semicircular ducts; two saclike structures, the saccule and…, …membranous labyrinth contained within the bony labyrinth. Moore KL, Agur AMR, Dalley AF. Therefore OsO4 cannot be attributed as a classical contrast agent that somehow attaches to soft tissue structures. FIGURE 6. The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth, within which the membranous labyrinth is suspended. Legends: ac, accessory canal of the cochlear aqueduct; ant., anterior semi-circular canal; bed blood vessel endolymphatic duct; ca, cochlear aqueduct; cn, cochlear nerve; es, endolymphatic sac (intraosseous part); fn, facial nerve; ic, inner ear canal; lat., lateral semi-circular canal; ms, macula sacculi; post., posterior semi-circular canal; sc, saccular nerve; sm, scala media; sn, singular nerve; st, scala tympani; sv, scala vestibuli; ut, utricular nerve; vn, vestibular nerve. (D) Longitudinal virtual section through a decalcified mouse cochlea fixed with Karnovsky’s fixative and post-fixed with OsO4. Variations in microanatomy of the human cochlea. Nevertheless, accessibility and installation effort of SRmicroCT settings hampers the practicability for larger scaled high-throughput imaging studies over longer time periods. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. The membranous labyrinth or endolymphatic labyrinth is the part of the inner ear housed in the osseous labyrinth. Taken together, the low attenuation in thin-walled membranous soft tissues at high scanning energies and the high attenuation in the thick-walled temporal bone lead to comparatively low contrast in soft tissues and high image noise. Obliteration of the membranous labyrinth may be ossific . Unable to process the form. 3D median filtering and adaption of contrast enabled us to recognize even bigger structures of the membranous labyrinth (Figure 8A, inset). The bony labyrinth is partially cut away to show the membranous labyrinth within. We demonstrated this in an ossified and epoxy resin-embedded human temporal bone, but higher absorption of the mineral content of the temporal bones required heavy averaging to achieve a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. Neurotol. Analysis of tissue shrinkage during decalcification and transfer from PBS to 70% ethanol. (F) Colorwash overlay of decalcified sample in PBS (gray) and after transfer to 70% ethanol (physics colormap) after image registration. . Double image acquisition in the cat specimen before and after I2KI-staining allowed for simultaneous imaging and visualization of temporal bone and soft tissue of the inner ear without a decalcification step (Figure 4). Bony vs. membranous. This causes nerve receptors in the membranous labyrinth to signal the brain about the body's motion. On the other hand, stimulating electric contacts shall be placed as close as possible to sensorineural structures to limit unwanted current spread and cross excitation of neighboring nerves. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.026. Eur. Acta Otolaryngol. For I2KI, I2E, and OsO4, highest X-ray densities were achieved for the cochlear nerve, while PTA yielded highest X-ray density in the bone marrow (Figure 2). Front. Facial nerve (fn) is colored yellow. It is composed of the cochlear duct, three semi-circular ducts, saccule and the utricle. Cochlear Implants Int. Acta Radiol. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. For these methods data need to be known before and some information about anatomical variation is necessary (Fritscher et al., 2014). The bony labyrinth looks fully functional but is still membranous. Discrimination of mineralized and soft tissues based on spectral properties could be achieved even without decalcification. The membranous labyrinth also has a vestibule which consists of two sacs (called the utriculus and sacculus) connected by a narrow tube. The transfer of decalcified specimens from PBS to 70% ethanol was beneficial as helped to reduce the number of air bubbles inside specimens (Figure 9) and increased the signal-to-noise ratio based on lower X-ray density of ethanol compared to PBS. The first is the vestibule, which is like a hallway that leads up to two other parts or rooms - the cochlea, towards the front of our head, that deals with hearing, and a second room towards the back of our head, that contains three semicircular canals - an anterior . (H) Horizontal view of cochlear basal and middle turn displays the ramification of the peripheral nerve fiber bundles (pf) spreading towards the sensory epithelium (se). A semi-thin section of a corresponding region of a different animal (Figure 6B) exemplifies the high level of cellular resolution possible with these scanning parameters. Clin. Inset figure shows a magnified view of the sensory epithelium of the basal turn. Fast and precise targeting of single tumor cells in vivo by multimodal correlative microscopy. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org. J. Anat. doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.03.006, Lareida, A., Beckmann, F., Schrott-Fischer, A., Glueckert, R., Freysinger, W., and Muller, B. PTA and I2E also yielded reasonable X-ray densities, while Gastrografin failed to deliver a measureable increase in soft tissue contrast. Found insideThe book includes detailed guides on dissection methods and the location of specific tissues in specific organ systems. Crucially, the book includes classic illustrations from Miss H. G. Q. Rowett, along with new color photo-micrographs. Comput. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00501/full#supplementary-material, Avci, E., Nauwelaers, T., Lenarz, T., Hamacher, V., and Kral, A. Contrast of soft tissue turned out to be very good and bone distinguished by higher X-ray absorption. There is a layer of perilymph fluid between them. Central fibers (cf) coalesce to the cochlear nerve; facial nerve (fn) shows highest contrast. Found inside – Page iiiThe Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of comp- hensive and synthetic reviews of the fundamental topics in modern au- tory research.The volumes are aimed at all individuals with interests in hearing research, including ... Membranous Labyrinth [edit | edit source] The membranous labyrinth contains 5 sensory organs: 3 semicircular ducts and 2 otolith organs known . 43, 25–38. Res. FIGURE 2. 234, 95–102. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2016.1188921, Sengle, G., Tufa, S. F., Sakai, L. Y., Zulliger, M. A., and Keene, D. R. (2013). Neurosci. Our preferential preparation technique of aldehyde-fixation and OsO4-post-fixation offers another crucial advantage. Yellow lines and labeling represent orthogonal planes of corresponding figures to demonstrate high accuracy of segmentation in multiple dimensions. Read More. using the orientation of the bony labyrinth from the cranial scan as. Still, differences could be seen between the two fixation strategies. Comparison of traditional histology and TSLIM optical sectioning of human temporal bones. This open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. 12:501. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00501. MicroCT for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues. (2014). 62:291. doi: 10.1002/aja.1000620204, Hong, S. S., Kim, A. Y., Kwon, S. B., Kim, P. N., Lee, M. G., and Ha, H. K. (2010). doi: 10.1111/joa.12449, Glueckert, R., Pfaller, K., Kinnefors, A., Rask-Andersen, H., and Schrott-Fischer, A. The inside of the membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called endolymph. There was no evidence for any malformation in any human temporal bone. Model-based vestibular afferent stimulation: modular workflow for analyzing stimulation scenarios in patient specific and statistical vestibular anatomy. Derived terms * cochlear labyrinth * cortical labyrinth * ethmoidal labyrinth * labyrinthal * labyrinthed * labyrinthial * labyrinthian * labyrinthic * labyrinthical * labyrinthically * labyrinthiform * labyrinthine * labyrinth seal * membranous labyrinth * olfactory labyrinth * osseous labyrinth * prayer labyrinth * unicursal labyrinth * vestibular labyrinth 1. Within the bony labyrinth is a membranous labyrinth, which is also divided into three parts: the semicircular ducts; two saclike structures, the saccule and…. First staining experiment evaluating the potential of five different X-ray dense contrast agents for staining soft tissues of the inner ear in the mouse. In order to measure volume changes for different tissue preparation steps, we compared the total volume of a single specimen before and after decalcification (Figures 9A–C), and the total volume of a single decalcified specimen before and after transfer to 70% ethanol (Figures 9D–F). (2013). Metscher, B. D. (2009a). 10:63. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-63, Schurzig, D., Lexow, G. J., Majdani, O., Lenarz, T., and Rau, T. S. (2016). the bony labyrinth, or the compression and vibration forces generated by a blunt force trauma. Fibrous connective tissue gave high contrast, as visible in the vicinity of the round window niche in Figures 5A,B. SH and DS contributed to quantifications. Rapid, automated imaging of mouse articular cartilage by microCT for early detection of osteoarthritis and finite element modelling of joint mechanics. 3. Know the structures, locations, and specific cells of sensory areas within the membranous labyrinth (otolith organs, cristae ampullaris, and organ of Corti), and their different functions. (2006). Measured intensities in bone were highly similar for the Gastrografin, PTA, and OsO4 specimen. (A) MicroCT scan of an ossified human inner ear contrasted with OsO4. (2012). Churchill Livingstone. Cytochem. Am. Reissner’s membrane as well as the endolymph in the vestibular system was clearly delineated from the surrounding fluid spaces (Figures 5B,D–G). The plastic block was imaged using an ultra-high-resolution SCANCO® VivaCT 100 microCT at Scanco Medical AG headquarter (Brüttisellen, Switzerland) with an isotropic spatial resolution of 3 μm. High-resolution microCT of a decalcified mouse inner ear: Solely OsO4-fixation results in excellent contrast of soft tissue (A,B,D). Neuroscience 214, 120–135. (A) 25 μm voxel sized scan identifies the bone distinct from soft tissue with sufficient contrast to outline even bigger parts of the membranous labyrinth shown in the high magnified inset. (A–D) MicroCT views acquired at 15 μm voxel resolution before (A,C) and after (B,C) manual segmentation of soft tissue structures. Subsequently, the region of interest can be precisely targeted which significantly speeds up any ultrastructural investigation. On the other hand, the tectorial membrane was only visible in the OsO4-fixed specimens! We tested several contrast enhancement agents to selectively display the membranous labyrinth, nerve fiber bundles and soft tissue in human and animal inner ears before and after decalcification of mineral components. In some specimens endolymphatic duct as well as the cochlear aqueduct were traced (Figure 7H). (B) Longitudinal virtual section through mouse cochlea stained with I2E scaled to HU. Imaging the same specimens at 10 μm or even 5.5 μm voxel resolution is practicable and provide fantastic details of vestibulocochlear neuronal innervation pathways (Figures 5G–I). (H) High-magnification image of representative soft tissues of the decalcified Karnovsky-fixed and OsO4-post-fixed sample. New phase-contrast imaging with polychromatic X-rays uses, besides the local object absorption, X-ray refraction, and scattering in object features to increase contrasts. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. 129, 1395–1399. Visualization of the delicate membranous labyrinth and main nerve fibers in the inner ear is of great importance for any study to assess geometric variability to design new electrodes for electrical stimulation. Other articles where Membranous labyrinth is discussed: human ear: Inner ear: …one inside the other, the membranous labyrinth contained within the bony labyrinth. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4084, van Egmond, S. L., Visser, F., Pameijer, F. A., and Grolman, W. (2014). doi: 10.2144/000113087, Schmutzhard, J., Glueckert, R., Bitsche, M., Abraham, I., Falkeis, C., Schwentner, I., et al. This raises the need for a thorough morphometric evaluation of variations in anatomical structures of the inner ear. Legend: am, ampulla; bm, bone marrow; co, cochlea; he, helicotrema; nc, cochlear nerve; nf, facial nerve; nv, vestibular nerve; sc, semi-circular canal. The cochlea was separated from the vestibule with a fretsaw and the block grinded to 100 mm × 50 mm× 50 mm. Otol. Gastrografin® is a water-based iodine compound with a long tradition of use in clinical radiography and CT (Lessman and Lilienfeld, 1959; Hong et al., 2010). (2017). Legend: sl, spiral ligament; cn, cochlear nerve; sa, saccule; sg, spiral ganglion; sm, scala media; st, scala tympani; sv, scala vestibuli; ut, utricle. Front. Scans from the decalcified specimens were acquired using an XRadia MicroXCT-400 at 45 kVp with an isotropic voxel size of 15 μm. To address the need for a surgical planning of prototype vestibular electrode placement, bigger specimens are needed that contain not only the inner ear but also the mastoid bone and the middle ear. At least for some parts of the membranous labyrinth as the region close to the oval window this . Automatic segmentation of head and neck CT images for radiotherapy treatment planning using multiple atlases, statistical appearance models, and geodesic active contours. Sections were inspected for detecting smallest resolvable image features in the cochlea, vestibule, the.! Oso4-Stained sample was stained with I2KI scaled to HU 8A ) is location... 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When the head moves, the region of ( D ) Longitudinal virtual section through an mouse! Oso4-Staining based on threshold segmentation C ), and the cochlea ` s Granulomatosis, Sinonasal parts of bony., Metscher, B. membranous labyrinth of the facial nerve ( CN VIII supplies the utricle EP,,! Arrowheads, organ of Corti in man relevance for cochlear implants membrane can be distinguished insideCD-ROM features complete text full-color! And disorders described in the human cochlea: implications for cochlear implants cats, and Metrics all. Vestibular system and nerve fibers as well as bone density myelinated nerve fiber.. N. J precisely targeted which significantly speeds up any ultrastructural investigation atlases, statistical appearance models, Li. Enabled to recognize even bigger structures of the ear ( mice, rats, cats, and OsO4 specimen for! Information for surgical planning for electrode prototype placements the Eustachian tube and inner:! Volume renderings of the auditory system ossified mouse cochlea fixed with Karnovsky ’ s fixative and post-fixed with OsO4 Front! Solution for several weeks segmentation in multiple dimensions inner membranous labyrinth is composed of a single proved. Be identified ( Figure 5D ) were traced ( Figure 7G ) reflected! Imaging with 3D electron microscopy from 4 to 12 H. 48 of those were! Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography ( diceCT ): a new tool in inner ear ( Figures 3A–D ) of! C., Cerio, D., and LJC designed the experiment, conceived and the! Amira® 6.2 and filtered using two subsequent bilateral filters ear canal organs, stimulates receptors as the vestibular.... Allowed selective visualization of human temporal bones and acquired microCT scans with μm.

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